Aspectos electroclínicos de la epilepsia temporal mesial / Neuropsychological risk in temporal lobe epilepsy

Introducción: La epilepsia del lóbulo temporal mesial se considera la más frecuente de las epilepsias focales, con signos y síntomas característicos que ayudan a definir su diagnóstico. Contenidos: Dentro de su historia natural, las crisis pueden iniciar en los primeros años de vida, usualmente como episodios febriles con un periodo de remisión, para reaparecer en la adolescencia o en el adulto joven. La presentación electroencefalográfica tiene un patrón característico, con aparición de puntas y ondas agudas interictales en la región temporal anterior, por lo general unilaterales, y con actividad ictal generalmente theta en la misma localización. La causa más frecuente es la esclerosis del hipocampo. El tratamiento con medicamentos anticrisis puede controlar la epilepsia, aunque algunos casos pueden evolucionar a la farmacorresistencia, en la cual la cirugía de epilepsia está indicada, y tiene buenos resultados. Conclusiones: Esta revisión se centra en la descripción de las características electroclínicas de la epilepsia temporal mesial, para hacer un diagnóstico temprano e iniciar un tratamiento adecuado, a efectos de lograr un mejor pronóstico y una mejor calidad de vida para los pacientes con epilepsia y sus familiares.

Introduction: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is considered the most common of the focal epilepsies, with characteristic signs and symptoms that help define its diagnosis. Contents: In the natural history of the disease, seizures can begin in the first years of life, usually as febrile seizures with a period of remission, to reappear in adolescence or in the young adult. The electroencephalographic presentation has a characteristic pattern with the appearance of interictal sharp waves and spikes in the anterior temporal region, usually unilateral, and with generally theta ictal activity in the same location. The most common cause is hippocampal sclerosis. Treatment with antiseizure medication can control epilepsy. However, in some cases evolution of drug resistance can occur, leading to epilepsy surgery as the most appropriate treatment, based on its good results. Conclusions: This review focuses on the description of the electroclinical characteristics of temporal mesial epilepsy, in order to make an early diagnosis and adequate treatment, thus providing a better prognosis and quality of life for patients with epilepsy and their families.

Un caso de leucismo en el Juil de Jamapa, Rhamdia laticauda (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) en el noreste del estado de Oaxaca, México

Se reporta la primera observación de un espécimen leucístico en el Juil de Jamapa, Rhamdia laticauda en el noreste del estado de Oaxaca. En un estudio ictiológico de la Reserva de la Biosfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán en el río Xiquila de la cuenca alta del río Papaloapan, el pez se capturó con pesca eléctrica y se fotografió. El bagre vivo mostró una reducción de pigmentos en la piel, manchas blancas y ojos negros normales. Esto contribuye al conocimiento de la variabilidad intraespecífica y la historia natural de R. laticauda. Se discuten las causas potenciales de esta anomalía de color.

Here, we report the first observation of a leucistic specimen in the Rock catfish, Rhamdia laticauda in the Northeast of Oaxaca, Mexico. We caught the specimen by electric fishing and then photographed during an ichthyological survey carried out in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve in the Xiquila River of the upper Papaloapan River basin. The live catfish showed a lack of pigment in the skin, white spots, and normal eye color. This information contributes to the knowledge about intraspecific variability and natural history of R. laticauda. We discuss the potential causes of this color anomaly.

O Gabinete de Curiosidades da Universidade de Coimbra: uma proposta museológica e científica / The Cabinet of Curiosities at the University of Coimbra: a museological and scientific initiative

Resumo Os gabinetes de curiosidades constituem a origem do museu moderno. Na utopia da Wunderkammer existe a aspiração à convivência entre arte e ciência. Como docente do novo Curso de Philosofia Natural da Universidade de Coimbra (1772), Portugal contratou o naturalista italiano Domingos Vandelli, que transportou consigo uma coleção, com objetos do seu gabinete em Pádua, à qual anexou uma outra coleção, recolhida em Portugal (1764-1768), repositório ainda não tributário do paradigma naturalista de Lineu. É com fundamento na descrição dessas duas coleções que defendemos a relevante proposta - para a ciência e para a museologia - do Gabinete de Curiosidades do Museu da Ciência da Universidade de Coimbra, inaugurado em maio de 2022.

Abstract Cabinets of curiosities are the origin of modern museums. The utopia these Wunderkammer contain also includes aspirations for art and science to coexist. The Italian naturalist Domingos Vandelli was contracted as an instructor for the new course in natural philosophy at the University of Coimbra (1772), and brought objects from his own cabinet in Padua; he combined these with another collection mounted in Portugal (1764-1768), which did not yet conform to Linneus's naturalistic paradigm. Based on descriptions of these two collections, we defend the important initiative underway at the Cabinet of Curiosities at the University of Coimbra's Museum of Science, which was inaugurated in May 2022.

Hígado graso (parte 1): aspectos generales, epidemiología, fisiopatología e historia natural / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease part 1: general aspects, epidemiology. pathophysiology and natural history

Resumen El hígado graso no alcohólico (NAFLD) se define por la presencia de grasa o esteatosis en los hepatocitos y abarca un espectro que va desde la esteatosis simple, pasa por la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (NASH) con inflamación y fibrosis, y finaliza en la cirrosis. Se considera una prevalencia mundial global cercana al 25% en la población general y se diagnóstica entre los 40 y 50 años, con variaciones respecto al sexo predominante y con diferencias étnicas (la población hispana es la más afectada). El hígado graso está asociado al síndrome metabólico (SM), y la obesidad se considera el principal factor de riesgo con su presencia y con su progresión. El hígado graso es un trastorno complejo y muy heterogéneo en su fisiopatología, que resulta de la interacción de múltiples elementos: factores genéticos, epigenéticos, ambientales, culturales, entre otros. Todo ello en conjunto lleva a incremento paulatino de grasa hepática, resistencia a la insulina y alteraciones hormonales y de la microbiota intestinal, lo que genera un daño hepatocelular a través de la formación de radicales libres de oxígeno y activación de la fibrogénesis hepática. La historia natural del hígado graso es dinámica: los pacientes con esteatosis simple tienen bajo riesgo de progresión a cirrosis, mientras que en los pacientes con NASH este riesgo se aumenta; sin embargo, el proceso puede ser reversible y algunas personas tendrán una mejoría espontánea. La fibrosis parece ser el determinante de la mortalidad global y de los desenlaces asociados a la enfermedad hepática; se considera que en todos los pacientes la fibrosis empeora una etapa cada 14 años y en NASH empeora en una etapa cada 7 años. Estudios previos concluyen que aproximadamente 20% de los casos de esteatosis simple progresan a NASH y que, de ellos, aproximadamente el 20% progresan a cirrosis, con presencia de hepatocarcinoma (HCC) en el 5% a 10% de ellos.

Abstract Fatty liver or NAFLD is defined by the presence of fat or steatosis in hepatocytes and covers a spectrum that goes from simple steatosis, through steatohepatitis (NASH), with inflammation and fibrosis and ending in cirrhosis. It is considered a global world prevalence close to 25% in the general population and is diagnosed between 40 and 50 years, with variations regarding the predominant sex and with ethnic differences, affecting more the Hispanic population. Fatty liver is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), and obesity is considered the main risk factor for its presence and progression. Fatty liver is a complex and very heterogeneous disorder in its pathophysiology, resulting from the interaction of multiple elements, genetic, epigenetic, environmental, cultural factors, etc. All this together leads to an accumulation of hepatic fat, insulin resistance, hormonal and intestinal microbiota alterations, generating hepatocellular damage through the formation of free oxygen radicals and activation of hepatic fibrogenesis. The natural history of fatty liver is dynamic, patients with simple steatosis have a low risk of progression to cirrhosis, in patients with NASH this risk is increased, however, the process may be reversible, and some people will have spontaneous improvement. Fibrosis seems to be the determinant of overall mortality and outcomes associated with liver disease, it is considered that in all patients fibrosis worsens one stage every 14 years, in NASH it worsens one stage every seven years. Previous studies conclude that approximately 20% of cases of simple steatosis progress to NASH and that approximately 20% of them progress to cirrhosis, with the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 5 to 10% of them.

Antigüedades prehispánicas peruanas en la creación de una "prehistoria" chilena: el caso de la colección Sáenz / Peruvian pre-Hispanic antiquities in the creation of a Chilean "prehistory: " the case of the Sáenz collection

Resumen En 1895, Nicolás Sáenz propuso al gobierno chileno la venta de una colección de objetos "incaicos" traídos desde Lima; adquisición aprobada en 1897. Pese a las dificultades ocasionadas por la Guerra del Pacífico, el Museo Nacional (Chile) continuó adquiriendo antigüedades peruanas, siguiendo una tradición de estudios comparados de cultura material. Dentro del marco del evolucionismo social, estas antigüedades servían como medida de civilización, con la cual contrastar la cultura material de los pueblos prehispánicos de Chile. Este artículo analiza la adquisición de la colección Sáenz, como un punto cúlmine de un proceso de tránsito hacia a una arqueología enfocada en las nuevas adquisiciones territoriales post guerra del Pacífico.

Abstract In 1895, Nicolás Sáenz proposed to the Chilean government to purchase a collection of "Inca" objects brought from Lima. This acquisition was approved in 1897. Despite the difficulties caused by the War of the Pacific, the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile) continued to acquire Peruvian antiquities, following a tradition of comparative studies of material culture. Within the framework of social evolutionism, these antiquities were a measure of civilization, a reference from which to evaluate the material culture of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Chile. This article analyzes the acquisition of the Sáenz collection as the culmination of a process of transition towards an archeology that focused on the new post-war territorial acquisitions in the Pacific.

Breeding biology of Hooded Gnateater Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 (Aves: Conopophagidae) / Biologia reprodutiva de Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 (Aves: Conopophagidae)

Abstract The Hooded Gnateater Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 is an insectivorous understory passeriform with discrete behavior, whose reproductive attributes are poorly-known. In the present study, we describe the reproductive biology of the species and the growth pattern of the nestlings, based on observations conducted in remnants of the Cerrado savanna in eastern Maranhão state, in Brazil. The nests were identified during active searches conducted between June, 2018 and March, 2021. A total of 22 nests were found over the course of three breeding seasons. The cup-shaped nests were supported by small branches and were constructed at a mean height of 40.6 ± 16.1 cm (N = 21) above the ground. The nests were 23.1 ± 3.9 cm in length and 14.1 ± 1.6 cm in width (N = 21). The eggs were beige in color, with irregular brown mottling only at the rounded end of the egg, which had a mean length of 21.3 ± 0.8 mm, width of 17.2 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 3.1 ± 0.1 g (N = 23). Hatchlings are completely naked and weigh 3.1 ± 0.2 g (N = 7), and when they abandon the nest, they have yet to reach full adult size, with the total length being 65.4% of that of the adult, the wing, 65.4%, the head, 73.9%, the culmen, 74.2%, the body mass, 73.3%, and the tarsus, 89.0% that of the adult. The growth curves are sigmoidal and all the coefficients of determination are at least 0.96, with the body length having the highest value (R2 = 0.98). During the breeding season, the adult pair emitted alarm calls constantly when observers were in the vicinity of the nest. On a number of occasions, members of the breeding pair were observed moving away from the nest as it was approached by observers, while engaging in broken-wing display. The nest architecture, the color of the eggs, and the behaviors presented by this gnateater were similar to those described for other Conopophaga. With this work we contributed to improve the knowledge on the breeding behavior of this poorly know group of understory insectivorous birds.

Resumo O chupa-dente-de-capuz Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 é um passeriforme insetívoro de subbosque, de comportamento discreto e cujos atributos reprodutivos são pouco conhecidos. Aqui descrevemos a biologia reprodutiva da espécie e o padrão de desenvolvimento dos ninhegos, com base em observações realizadas em remanescentes de Cerrado no leste do Maranhão, Brasil. Os ninhos foram localizados por busca ativa entre junho de 2018 e março de 2021. Um total de 22 ninhos foram encontrados ao longo de três estações reprodutivas. Os ninhos, em forma de taça, foram sustentados por pequenos galhos e construídos a uma altura média de 40,6 ± 16,1 cm (N = 21) acima do solo. Mediram 23,1 ± 3,9 cm de comprimento por 14,1 ± 1,6 cm de largura. Os ovos são branco-amarelados e mediram 21,3 ± 0,8 mm por 17,2 ± 0,8 mm, com massa de 3,1 ± 0,1 g (N = 23). Ao eclodir, os ninhegos estão completamente nus e pesaram 3,1 ± 0,2 g (N = 7). Abandonam o ninho antes de atingirem o tamanho dos adultos, sendo o comprimento total equivalente a 65,4% do adulto, a asa 65,4%, a cabeça 73,9%, o cúlmen 74,2%, a massa corporal 73,3% e o tarso 89%. As curvas de crescimento apresentaram padrão sigmóide e todos os coeficientes de determinação foram maior ou igual a 0,96, sendo o comprimento do corpo o valor mais alto (R2 = 0.98). Durante o período reprodutivo, o casal adulto emitia alertas constantemente quando os observadores se aproximavam dos ninhos. Em diversas ocasiões foi observado o comportamento de defesa de "asa quebrada" pelo casal reprodutor. A arquitetura do ninho, a cor dos ovos e os comportamentos apresentados por Conopophaga roberti se assemelham aos descritos para outras espécies do gênero. Com este trabalho, melhoramos o conhecimento sobre a biologia reprodutiva deste grupo de aves insetívoras de sub-bosque pouco conhecido.

Erasing the extinct: the hunt for Caribbean monk seals and museum collection practices / O desaparecimento do que está extinto: a caça às focas-monge-do-caribe e as práticas de acervos museológicos

Abstract The Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis), the only seal species native to Central America, was declared extinct in 2008, with the last confirmed sighting in 1952. This species historically had a broad range throughout the gulf of Mexico. This article discusses the history of Western science on the monk seal, from its first recorded sighting by a Western colonizer in 1492 to scientific collection in the 1800s and 1900s, as a history of the erasure of this species. Museum practices of collecting and displaying Caribbean monk seals have directly contributed to this erasure, and ways of writing a new history by giving the Caribbean monk seal the capacity to refuse erasure are suggested.

Resumo A foca-monge-do-caribe (Monachus tropicalis), a única espécie de focas nativa da América Central, foi declarada extinta em 2008, tendo o último registro de avistamento confirmado em 1952. Historicamente, essa espécie ocupou vastas áreas do golfo do México. Este artigo discute a história da ciência ocidental sobre a foca-monge, desde o primeiro registro de seu avistamento por um colonizador ocidental, em 1492, até a coleção científica nos anos 1800 e 1900, como uma história de desaparecimento da espécie. As práticas museológicas de coleta e exposição de focas-monge-do-caribe contribuíram diretamente para tal desaparecimento, e aqui são sugeridas maneiras de escrever uma nova história concedendo à foca-monge-do-caribe a possibilidade de recusa ao desaparecimento.

A flora da antiga capitania de Porto Seguro na viagem de Wied-Neuwied, 1815-1817: prática científica, inventário naturalista e colaboração indígena / The flora of the former Captaincy of Porto Seguro in the journey of Wied-Neuwied, 1815-1817: scientific practice, naturalistic inventory, and indigenous collaboration

Resumo O artigo revisita o relato da Viagem ao Brasil (1815-1817) de Maximiliano de Wied na perspectiva de valorizar as contribuições dos registros da expedição do príncipe naturalista para a história natural, especialmente no levantamento da flora do atual extremo sul da Bahia. A abordagem perpassa a análise das características gerais da produção científica no campo da história natural e dos relatos de viagens do século XIX, bem como do perfil biobibliográfico do viajante. O objetivo central é demonstrar como se deu a relação do naturalista com as populações indígenas na produção do seu inventário florístico, destacando a importância dos saberes e fazeres dos índios para o trabalho do naturalista europeu.

Abstract This article revisits Maximilian zu Wied's Viagem ao Brasil (1815-1817) in terms of the value of this naturalist prince's expedition records for natural history, especially the survey of flora in what is currently south Bahia. The general characteristics of scientific production in the field of natural history and nineteenth-century travel reports are analyzed, as well as the bibliographic profile of the traveler. The main objective is to demonstrate how the naturalist's relationship with indigenous peoples emerged in producing the flora inventory, highlighting the importance of indigenous knowledge and practices to the European naturalist's work.

Ampliación de la distribución geográfica y estado de conservación de Ctenoblepharys adspersa (Tschudi, 1845)

Ampliamos la distribución geográfica de Ctenoblepharys adspersa (Liolaemidae), una especie de saurio endémico y amenazado del desierto peruano. Nuestro nuevo registro extiende la distribucion de esta especie en 60 km (línea recta) de la localidad más oriental previamente conocida, la Reserva Nacional de Paracas. Registramos dos tipos de hábitat nuevos para C. adspersa al interior de las estribaciones andinas e identificamos las plantas nativas asociadas a sus hábitats. Además, revisamos el estado de conservación de esta especie y los desafíos que implican su conservación, resaltando que la mayoría de las poblaciones son vulnerables a los impactos en su hábitat producto del desarrollo de infraestructura urbana y/o agrícola.

We extend the geographical distribution of Ctenoblepharys adspersa (Liolaemidae) an endemic and threatened lizard species from the Peruvian desert. Our new record extends the known species distribution ca. 60 km (straight line) east-southeastern from the eastemost record at Paracas National Reserve. We recorded two new type of habitat for C. adspersa that reach to the Pacific foothills and identified the native plants associated to its habitats. Moreover, we review the conservation status and the challenges that facing it, highlighted that most of its populations are vulnerable to the impacts on their habitat caused by the development of urban and agricultural infrastructure.

Amphibians in a transition region between the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest, west-central region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil / Anfíbios em uma região de transição entre o Cerrado e a Mata Atlântica, Região Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Studies of the diversity and natural history of amphibians are extremely important and contribute with the knowledge about the patterns of geographical distribution and biology of the species, outlining the factors that influence this distribution, and contributing to the development of conservation projects of them. This study aimed to identify the richness, abundance, spatial and temporal distribution of amphibians in the Bauru region, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and compare the species composition with others regions in the São Paulo state located in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Eight locations were sampled between the years 2009 and 2012. Thirty-seven amphibian species were recorded, which represents 15.61% of the species in the state of São Paulo. In comparison to other regions of the state, Bauru resemble with the north-western region of the state and with the Assis Ecological Station in species composition. The community of amphibians in the studied region is regulated to morphoclimatic conditions, environmental heterogeneity and the conservation of natural resources, which directly reflect on the composition, abundance and species' spatial and temporal distribution of the amphibians in this region. The richness of amphibians of the Bauru region is significant for the state of São Paulo and contributes with the maintenance of environments with conditions for the occurrence of Proceratophrys moratoi, which is considered in threat of extinction. This study contributed with the filling gap on the amphibian knowledge of the state of São Paulo.

Estudos sobre diversidade e história natural de anfíbios são de extrema importância para o conhecimento sobre os padrões de distribuição geográfica e biologia das espécies delineando os fatores que influenciam nessa distribuição, o que contribui para a elaboração de projetos de conservação mais realistas e efetivos. Este estudo visou identificar a riqueza, abundância, distribuição espacial e temporal das espécies de anfíbios da região de Bauru, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e comparar a composição de espécies com outras regiões de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo. Oito localidades foram amostradas entre os anos de 2009 e 2012. Foram registradas 37 espécies de anfíbios, as quais representam 15,61% das espécies do estado de São Paulo. Em comparação com outras regiões do estado, Bauru se assemelha à Região Noroeste do estado e à Estação Ecológica de Assis na composição de espécies. A comunidade de anfíbios da região estudada é regulada pelas condições morfoclimáticas, heterogeneidade ambiental e estado de conservação dos recursos naturais, que refletem diretamente na composição, na abundância e nos padrões de distribuição espacial e temporal das espécies de anfíbios presentes na região. A riqueza de anfíbios da região de Bauru é significativa para o estado de São Paulo e contribui com a manutenção de ambientes com condições para a ocorrência de Proceratophrys moratoi, considerada em risco de extinção. Este estudo contribui com o preenchimento de lacunas no conhecimento de anfíbios do estado de São Paulo.

Cribado neonatal en atrofia muscular espinal: un desafío para cambiar la historia natural / Neonatal screening in spinal muscular atrophy: a challenge to change the natural history

Introducción: la atrofia muscular espinal (AME) es la primera causa de origen genético de muerte en la infancia. En los últimos 20 años han sido excepcionales los avances en el conocimiento de su base genética, de su historia natural y se han desarrollado estándares de cuidado y nuevas terapias. Este veloz aumento del conocimiento ha llevado al desarrollo de terapias eficaces para esta devastadora enfermedad, pero el tiempo son neuronas, y esa frase nos lleva a pensar la importancia del diagnóstico precoz y, por qué no, del diagnóstico presintomático mediante pesquisa neonatal. Métodos: revisión de la bibliografía disponible, a través de búsqueda en PubMed y Google para trabajos no indexados o publicaciones de organismos de Salud. Resultados: varios estudios clínicos han mostrado la mayor eficacia del tratamiento en pacientes presintomáticos, por lo que lograrlo en estos pacientes llevaría a cambiar radicalmente la historia de esta enfermedad. Conclusión: es importante analizar y promover el desarrollo de pilotos para pesquisa neonatal en vistas a lograr experiencia para, a partir de ello, pensar en la posibilidad de incorporarlo a programas nacionales. (AU)

Introduction: spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the first cause of genetic origin of death in childhood. Throughout the last 20 years, we have witnessed exceptional advances in the knowledge of its genetic base, the history of its nature and several standards of care and new therapies have been developed. This rapid increase in knowledge has led to the development of effective therapies for this devastating disease. However, time is neurons, and that phrase reminds us of the importance of early diagnosis, and, why not, of pre-symptomatic diagnosis by means of neonatal screening. Methods: review of scientific papers searching in Pubmed or Google for non-indexed articles or publications of Health organisms. Results: several clinical studies have shown the greatest effectiveness of treatment in pre-symptomatic patients, so achieving the same in these patients would result in radically changing the history of this disease. Discussion: it is important to analyze and promote the development of pilots for neonatal screening in order to gain experience, so from there on to be able to think about the possibility of incorporating it into national programs. (AU)

Dos aldeamentos ao horto botânico: a apropriação de plantas de uso indígena na capitania de Guayases, 1772-1806 / From settlements to the botanical garden: the appropriation of plants used by indigenous peoples in the captaincy of Guayases, 1772-1806

Resumo O artigo pretende contribuir com a história das ciências, a história indígena e a história da América portuguesa. Parte-se dos pressupostos metodológicos de Dominique Pestre e da historiografia sobre a América portuguesa para interrogar a existência de uma rede de aldeamentos indígenas, a atuação de funcionários com saberes naturalistas, o envio de espécies botânicas para análise em Portugal e, por fim, a fundação de um horto botânico na capitania de Guayases (Goiás) entre 1772 e 1806. Apresenta-se a contribuição indígena na construção dos conhecimentos da história natural e discutem-se as influências de concepções da Ilustração na reforma do sistema colonial português na capitania a partir de documentação administrativa portuguesa, cartas e do estudo da aplicação de leis e instruções.

Abstract The article intends to contribute to the history of science, indigenous history and the history of Portuguese America. We begin with the methodological assumptions of Dominique Pestre and the historiography on Portuguese America to investigate a network of indigenous settlements, the work of civil servants with naturalist knowledge, the shipment of botanical species for analysis in Portugal and, finally, the foundation of a botanical garden in the captaincy of Guayases (Goiás) from 1772 to 1806. We describe the indigenous contribution to the construction of natural history knowledge, and discuss the influence of Enlightenment concepts on the reform of the Portuguese colonial system in the captaincy based on Portuguese administrative documentation, letters and study of the application of laws and instructions.

Diversidad ictiológica de la quebrada Mayapo, Amazonia Peruana / Ichthyological diversity of the Mayapo stream, Peruvian Amazon

Resumen El presente estudio reporta la diversidad ictiológica de la quebrada Mayapo en base a material depositado en la Colección Ictiológica del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (MUSM), en los años 2005, 2009 y 2010, proveniente de 30 puntos de muestreo de la quebrada Mayapo y afluentes ubicados entre los 256 y 557 m de altitud. Se identificaron 60 especies agrupadas en 39 géneros, 16 familias y cuatro órdenes, siendo los órdenes Characiformes y Siluriformes y las familias Characidae y Loricariidae los grupos más representativos. La diversidad de especies fue moderada, en comparación a otras evaluaciones en la Amazonia peruana. La composición taxonómica siguió el patrón predominante en aguas continentales de la Región Neotropical y en la Amazonia peruana. Se registraron especies de importancia pesquera, hábitos migratorios y distribución restringida.

Abstract The ichthyological diversity of the Mayapo stream is described based on material from the Ichthyological Collection of the Natural History Museum of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM). We analysed material from 30 sample points of the Mayapo stream and tributaries, collected in 2005, 2009, and 2012. The points were located between 256 and 557 m of altitude. A total of 60 species grouped in 39 genera, 16 families, and four orders were identified. The Characiformes and Siluriformes orders including the Characidae and Loricariidae families were the most representative groups. We concluded that total ichthyological diversity in Mayapo stream and tributaries was moderated compared with previous studies in the Peruvian Amazon. Additionally, the taxonomic composition showed the common diversity pattern found in the Neotropical freshwaters and Peruvian Amazon. Finally, we also remark on fisheries species, migratory behaviours, and restricted distribution.

Natural history study of an understudied sea catfish species from Panama (Siluriformes: Ariidae)

The semi-anadromous sea catfish species Cathorops tuyra (Ariidae, Besudo sea catfish) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific has been found reproductively active in the freshwater rivers and lakes of the Panama Canal. Despite growing concerns for biodiversity, reports on natural history are lacking for many Neotropical sea catfishes. We aimed to provide data on the diet and seasonal timing of spawning of C. tuyra for an autochthonous, semi-anadromous, brackish water population from Rio Santa Maria and an allochthonous freshwater non-migrating population from Rio Chagres, an affluent to the Panama Canal, to understand how changing from semi-anadromous to residential lifestyle affects the natural history of a species. Fish from both sampling sites were dissected and information on stomach content, size, weight, parasitic load, sex, maturity, and number of eggs were recorded. In Rio Chagres, there was a female bias and individuals were larger and in pre-spawning mode compared to Rio Santa Maria. Parasite prevalence was low in Rio Chagres and zero in Rio Santa Maria. The diets were very similar between populations: gastropods, bivalves, and insects were the most important prey items in both rivers representing a diverse omnivorous diet that is similar to that of other catfishes.(AU)

El bagre de mar semi-anádromo Cathorops tuyra (Ariidae, Bagre besudo) del Pacífico Oriental Tropical se encuentra reproductivamente activa en los ríos y lagos del Canal de Panamá. A pesar de la creciente preocupación por la biodiversidad, faltan informes sobre la historia natural de muchos de los bagres Neotropicales. Nuestro objetivo es proporcionar datos básicos sobre la dieta y el momento del desove estacional de C. tuyra para una población autóctona semi-anádroma de agua salobre de Río Santa María y una población alóctona residente de agua dulce de Río Chagres para comprender cómo el cambio de un estilo de vida semi-anádromo a residencial afecta la historia natural de una especie. Se disecaron peces de ambos sitios de muestreo y se registró la información de contenido del estómago, tamaño, peso, carga parasitaria, sexo, madurez y número de huevos. En Río Chagres hubo un sesgo femenino y los individuos eran más grandes y estaban en modo pre-desove que en Río Santa María. La prevalencia de parásitos fue baja en el Río Chagres y cero en Río Santa María. Las dietas fueron muy similares entre poblaciones: gasterópodos, bivalvos e insectos fueron las presas más importantes en ambos ríos, lo que representa una dieta omnívora diversa, que es similar a la de otros bagres.(AU)

De curandis hominum morbis: una receta médica del siglo XVIII para el sarampión y las viruelas en el Nuevo Reino de Granada / De curandis hominum morbis: An 18th century medical prescription for measles and smallpox in the Nuevo Reino de Granada

En el Archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca "Octavio Arizmendi Posada" de la Universidad de La Sabana, se encuentra una colección de más de un centenar de recetas médicas de finales del siglo XVIII donadas por el presbítero Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María, epónimo institucional del archivo. Estos textos son un legado histórico médico y un fundamento para comprender la terapéutica colonial y tradicional de diversas enfermedades. En este artículo, se describen algunas recetas para el tratamiento de la viruela y el sarampión, como aporte a la historia de la medicina en Colombia.

A collection of more than one hundred medical recipes from the late 18th century was donated by Presbyter Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María, institutional eponym of the collection at the Historical Archive "Octavio Arizmendi Posada" of the library of the Universidad de La Sabana in Colombia. These texts represent an important historical and medical legacy and they constitute an important basis for understanding the colonial and traditional therapeutics related to various diseases. In this article, we describe one of these recipes for the treatment of smallpox and measles as a contribution to the history of medicine in Colombia.

The natural history of patients with acute disc herniation: a series of 150 cases / A história natural de pacientes com herniação discal aguda: uma série de 150 casos / La historia natural de pacientes con herniación discal aguda: una serie de 150 casos

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to analyze the characteristics of patients with acute lumbar/sciatic disc herniation who underwent conservative, pain block procedures and surgical treatment, in order to better understand the natural history of herniations and their surgical indications, as well as the impact of hernia volume. Methods We analyzed 150 patients with a diagnosis of acute lumbar disc herniation. The treatments considered were: conservative, infiltration/pain block procedures and microdiscectomy. For seven patients who were surgically treated, the lumbar sequestrectomy volume was submitted to pathological analysis. Results Of the 150 patients, 80% were treated conservatively; 15.31% were treated with pain block procedures and 4.66% underwent microdiscectomy. The mean age of the surgical group was 42.5 years, and 57.1% of the patients were men. Most of the hernias were at L5-S1 (55.5%), and 77.7% were on the left side. All patients had presented significant lumbar pain or sciatica for a long period prior to the surgery. The Lasègue sign was present in all patients. Of the total number of patients, 85.7% presented hypoesthesia and 42.8% presented focal motor deficits, among other findings. The mean hernia volume was 9.6 cm3. Conclusions Unresponsiveness to conservative treatment is an important indication for surgery. The clinical manifestations in patients with a lumbar/sciatic hernia can be very diverse, as can the disc herniation volume, so these are not good indicators for surgery. Level of evidence IV; Case series

RESUMO Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as características dos pacientes com hérnia de disco lombar/ciática aguda que passaram por procedimentos conservadores, procedimentos de bloqueio de dor e tratamento cirúrgico, a fim de melhor entender a história natural das hérnias e suas indicações cirúrgicas, assim como o impacto do volume da hérnia. Métodos Analisamos 150 pacientes diagnosticados com hérnia de disco lombar aguda. Os tratamentos considerados foram: tratamento conservador, procedimentos para bloqueio da dor/infiltração e microdiscectomia. Para sete pacientes tratados cirurgicamente, o volume de sequestrectomia lombar foi enviado para análise patológica. Resultados Dos 150 pacientes analisados, 80% foram tratados de modo conservador, 15,31% com procedimentos de bloqueio da dor e 4,66% com microdiscectomia. A idade média do grupo submetido à cirurgia foi 42,5 anos, sendo que 57,1% dos pacientes eram homens. A maior parte das hérnias estavam localizadas em L5-S1 (55,5%) e 77,7% das hérnias estavam no lado esquerdo. Todos os pacientes apresentaram significativa dor lombar ou ciática por um longo período antes da cirurgia. O sinal de Lasègue estava presente em todos pacientes. Do número total de pacientes, 85,7% apresentaram hipoestesia e 42,8% apresentaram déficits motores focais, entre outros achados. O volume médio das hérnias foi 9,6 cm3. Conclusões A falta de resposta ao tratamento conservador é uma importante indicação para cirurgia. As manifestações clínicas dos pacientes com hérnia lombar/ciática podem ser muito diversas, assim como o volume da hérnia de disco, portanto, esses não são bons indicadores para cirurgia. Nível de evidência IV; Série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las características de los pacientes con hernia de disco lumbar/ciática aguda que pasaron por procedimientos conservadores, procedimientos de bloqueo de dolor y tratamiento quirúrgico, a fin de entender mejor la historia natural de las hernias y sus indicaciones quirúrgicas, así como el impacto del volumen de la hernia. Métodos Analizamos a 150 pacientes diagnosticados con hernia de disco lumbar aguda. Los tratamientos considerados fueron: conservador, procedimientos para bloqueo de dolor/infiltraci ón y microdiscectom ía . Para siete pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente, el volumen de secuestrectomía lumbar fue enviado para análisis patológico. Resultados De los 150 pacientes analizados, 80% fue tratado de modo conservador, 15,31% con procedimientos de bloqueo de dolor y 4,66% con microdiscectomía. La edad promedio del grupo sometido a cirugía fue de 42,5 años, siendo que 57,1% de los pacientes eran hombres. La mayor parte de las hernias estaban localizadas en L5-S1 (55,5%) y 77,7% de las hernias estaban en el lado izquierdo. Todos los pacientes presentaron dolor lumbar o ciático significativo por un largo período antes de la cirugía. La señal de Lasègue estaba presente en todos los pacientes. Del número total de pacientes, 85,7% de los pacientes present ó hipostesia y 42,8% present ó déficit s motores focales, entre otros hallazgos. El volumen promedio de las hernias fue de 9,6 cm3. Conclusiones La falta de respuesta al tratamiento conservador es una importante indicación para la cirugía. Las manifestaciones clínicas de los pacientes con hernia lumbar/ciática pueden ser muy diversas, así como el volumen de la hernia de disco, por lo tanto, é stos no son buenos indicadores para cirugía. Nivel de evidencia IV; Serie de casos.

Nuevos avances en el conocimiento de la historia natural de la displasia fibrosa / News advances in the knowledge of natural history of the fibrous dysplasia

La displasia fibrosa (DF) es una enfermedad infrecuente del hueso, no hereditaria, producida por una mutación activadora del gen GNAS, responsable de codificar la unidad a-estimuladora de la proteína G (Gsa). La presentación clínica de la enfermedad es muy variada, pues adopta desde formas asintomáticas hasta otras marcadamente sintomáticas. En los últimos años, el análisis exhaustivo de bases de datos de pacientes con DF ha permitido conocer más sobre su historia natural. En este artículo se revisa la información actualmente disponible sobre algunos aspectos que ayudarán al mejor enfoque clínico del paciente, como son: la utilidad clínica de los marcadores óseos, los factores pronósticos para el desarrollo de fracturas, la DF como condición predisponente para el desarrollo de tumores específicos, nuevas perspectivas sobre la fisiopatología del dolor óseo y nuevas estrategias terapéuticas. Un mayor conocimiento sobre la historia natural de esta enfermedad finalmente redundará en la mejor calidad de vida de los pacientes con DF. (AU)

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is an infrequent, non-hereditary bone disease caused by a somatic mutation of the GNAS gene, responsible for encoding the a-subunit of the G-protein (Gsa). The clinical presentation of the disease varies greatly, with some patients being asymptomatic and others markedly symptomatic. The exhaustive analysis of the database from patients with FD has allowed to learn more about the natural history of this disease. This article reviews the current information available on the clinical utility of bone markers, the prognostic factors for the occurrence of fractures, the evidence supporting as a predisposing condition for the development of specific tumors, new perspectives on the pathophysiology of bone pain, and emerging therapeutic strategies. A greater understanding of the natural history of this disease will allow to make better medical decisions, which will ultimately contribute to improve FD patients' quality of life. (AU)

Instrumentos, objetos e coleções como fontes para a história do ensino das ciências / Instruments, objects, and collections as sources for the history of science education

Resumo Um elevado número de escolas secundárias portuguesas possui coleções científicas, elementos centrais para a memória e identidade das instituições que as preservam, concorrendo para a compreensão das características que foram definindo a instrução pública de nível secundário em Portugal ao longo do tempo. Porém, esse património é ainda largamente desconhecido. O artigo chama a atenção para o debate historiográfico que envolve o uso de fontes materiais na história do ensino das ciências, dando a conhecer a relevância das coleções de história natural dos liceus de Portugal, bem como sua vulnerabilidade, dada a ausência de uma política geral ou diretrizes orientando sua conservação.

Abstract A large number of Portuguese secondary schools have scientific collections, which are central elements for the memory and identity of the institutions that maintain them, and contribute to understanding the characteristics that over time have defined public secondary education in Portugal. However, this heritage is still largely unknown. This article draws attention to the historiographic debate surrounding the use of material sources in the history of science education, describing the relevance of natural history collections in Portuguese secondary schools as well as their vulnerability, considering the lack of a general policy or guidelines related to conservation.

Demography of the land snail Tikoconus (Tikoconus) costaricanus (Stylommatophora: Euconulidae) in tropical low montane and premontane forests, Costa Rica

Introduction: Ecology and natural history of neotropical land snails is almost unknown. Objetive: In this paper, I analyse the population dynamics of Tikoconus (Tikoconus) costaricanus Barrientos, an understory endemic euconulid. Methods: I compared T. costaricanus' demography patterns in tropical montane forests in central Costa Rica in three habitats with different restoration techniques: a mature forest, a secondary forest and a Cuppressus lusitanica plantation. I collected data in three month periods during a year. I analysed population size in relation with habitat, sampling date, leaf litter humidity, depth and quantity; and specimen size in relation with habitat and sampling date. I also kept some specimens in terraria and described part of their natural history. Results: The species is more abundant in mature forest (Ø = 0.174 ind/m2). The number of specimens in each habitat was constant throughout the year (Kruskall-Wallis = 2.0118, p = 0.57, NS) and hatching occurs in the middle and last months of the rainy season (Kruskall-Wallis = 17.3061, P = 0.00061, **). Number of specimens is related with leaf litter humidity (Spearman correlation, r = 0.3524, n = 232, P < 0.001, **), quantity (Spearman correlation, r = 0.3922, n = 232, P < 0.001, **) and depth (Spearman correlation, r = 0.2543, n = 232, P < 0.001, **). This relationship is explained by the high and stable humid environment provided by leaf litter. Some specimens migrate from foliage to leaf litter during the drier months. Eggs (Ø = 1mm) are laid on moss or soil and the young spend the first 2 or 3 weeks of their life on moss. Egg masses are small (Ø = 4 eggs), and shells look bubbly. Egg development time (20 days) was longer than in other tropical species. Adult pigmentation appears around two months after hatch. In the only case observed, egg laying began 5 months after hatching and the specimen lived 9 months. Conclusions: Restorations techniques should consider leaf litter features in order to protect endemic neotropical humid dependent diversity.

Introducción: La ecología y la historia natural de los moluscos terrestres neotropicales es casi desconocida. Objetivo: En este artículo analicé la dinámica poblacional de Tikoconus (Tikoconus) costaricanus Barrientos, una especie endémica que habita el sotobosque del centro de Costa Rica. Métodos: Comparé los patrones demográficos de la especie en un bosque tropical montano en tres hábitats con diferentes estrategias de restauración: un bosque maduro, un bosque secundario y una plantación de Cuppressus lucitanica. Recolecté datos en periodos de tres meses durante un año. Analicé el tamaño de la población en relación : hábitat, fecha de muestreo, humedad, profundidad y cantidad de la hojarasca. También analicé el tamaño de los especímenes en relación al hábitat y fecha de muestreo. Mantuve algunos especímenes en terrarios y describí parte de su historia natural. Resultados: La especie fue más abundante en el bosque maduro (Ø = 0.174 ind/m2). La cantidad de especímenes en cada hábitat fue constante a lo largo del año (Kruskall-Wallis= 2.0118, P = 0.57, NS) y la eclosión se presenta en la mitad y últimos meses de la estación lluviosa (Kruskall-Wallis = 17.3061, P = 0.00061, **). La cantidad de especímenes estuvo relacionada con la humedad del ambiente que provee la hojarasca. Durante los meses más secos algunos especímenes migran del follaje a la hojarasca. Los huevos (Ø = 1 mm) son depositados en el musgo y en el suelo y los jóvenes pasan las primeras 2 o 3 semanas de su vida en el musgo. Las masas de huevos son pequeñas (Ø = 4 huevos) y los huevos se ven como construidos de burbujas. El tiempo de desarrollo de los huevos (20 días) fue más prolongado que en otras especies tropicales. La pigmentación del adulto aparece alrededor de dos meses después de la eclosión. En el único caso observado la ovoposición empezó a los 5 meses después de la eclosión y el espécimen vivió hasta los 9 meses. Conclusiones: Las técnicas de restauración deben considerar las características de la hojarasca con el fin de proteger la biodiversidad neotropical endémica dependiente de la humedad del ambiente.

Ciclo de vida y enemigos naturales de Mechanitis menapis (Lepidoptera: Ithomiini)

Las mariposas de la tribu Ithomiini son uno de los modelos biológicos más estudiados en años recientes en trabajos de biogeografía, taxonomía y evolución. Sin embargo, aun cuando la biología y distribución de sus especies es mejor conocida que la de otros grupos de mariposas, existen aspectos de la historia natural poco estudiados que permitirían un mejor entendimiento del comportamiento de sus poblaciones y las interacciones con su ambiente. En este trabajo, se estudió la historia natural de la mariposa, Mechanitis menapis mantineus Hewitson (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) y sus enemigos naturales en el oeste de Ecuador. Para ello, se realizó la identificación de las plantas hospederas, se estudió el ciclo de vida y los factores de mortalidad de los estados inmaduros. Adicionalmente, se identificaron los parasitoides asociados a la especie en la zona de estudio. Se identificaron tres plantas hospederas, las cuales son nuevos registros para la especie en la región. Asimismo, se describió la morfología de los estados inmaduros y su tiempo de desarrollo. Finalmente, se identificaron los principales enemigos naturales y se describieron aspectos de la historia natural y comportamiento de Hyposoter sp. (Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae), principal parasitoide de larvas. Los resultados de este trabajo, proporcionan información esencial para la revisión taxonómica del género Mechanitis F. y para continuar el estudio de la interacción de esta especie con sus plantas hospederas y enemigos naturales.

Life cycle and natural enemies of Mechanitis menapis (Lepidoptera: Ithomiini). The butterflies of the Ithomiini tribe are one of the most-studied biological models of recent years in terms of biogeography, taxonomy, and evolution. However, even though their biology and distribution is better known than many other groups of butterflies, there are unknown aspects of their natural history that would improve our understanding of their behavior, population dynamics, and interactions with their environment. In this work, we studied the natural history of the butterfly Mechanitis menapis mantineus Hewitson (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini), and its natural enemies, in Western Ecuador. We identified three host plants, which are new records for the species in this region. We documented the life cycle and described the morphology of the immature stages, their development time, and studied the factors associated with mortality of these immature stages. Additionally, we identified the parasitoids associated with the species in the study area. In particular, we documented aspects of the natural history and behavior of Hyposoter sp. (Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae), the main parasitoid of the larvae. The results of this work provide essential information for the taxonomic revision of the genus Mechanitis F. as well as the continued study of the interactions between the butterfly, its host plants, and natural enemies.